It was February 19, 1941 when the black-shirted Dutch version of Hitler’s S.S. (called the WA, the military branch of the N.S.B., the Dutch Nazi party) had decided to “put up a show of strength” in Amsterdam. They marched through the city, beating up Jews and non-Jews who were hostile towards them. Amsterdamers fought back and Dutch Nazi named Koot was killed and several were wounded.

Later that same night the WA attacked the Jewish quarter where the Knokploegen -- combat groups -- made up of mostly poor Jewish laborers and artisans, were waiting for them. The militant welcome forced the Dutch Nazis to retreat.

Germans order formation of Jewish Council

In response to militant resistance to the Dutch WA, the Germans called a meeting of the Coordinating Committee of Jewish organizations. They were ordered to set up a Jewish Council ( the Joodse Raad) and announce a German order demanding that all Jews hand in any weapon that they owned.

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